“CMI or copyright management information has the meaning given to it in section 226F

“communicate means to transmit or make available by means of a communication technology, including by means of a telecommunications system or electronic retrieval system, and communication has a corresponding meaning

“communication work means a transmission, or the making available by a communication technology, of sounds, visual images, or other information, or a combination of any of those, for reception by members of the public, and includes a broadcast or a cable programme

“Internet service provider means an entity offering the transmission, routing, or providing of connections for digital online communications, between or among points specified by a user, of material of the user’s choosing

“Internet service provider means a person who does either or both of the following things:

• “(a) offers the transmission, routing, or providing of connections for digital online communications, between or among points specified by a user, of material of the user’s choosing:

• “(b) hosts material on websites or other electronic retrieval systems that can be accessed by a user

“TPM or technological protection measure has the meaning given to it in section 226

“TPM work has the meaning given to it in section 226

“TPM spoiler has the meaning given to it in section 226

“TPM spoiling circumvention device has the meaning given to it in section 226.”

• “(a) means, in relation to any description of work, reproducing, recording, or storing the work in any material form (including any digital format), in any medium and by any means; and”.

• “(d) includes, in relation to a film or communication work, the making of a photograph of the whole or any substantial part of any image forming part of the film or communication work—”.

• “(c) in relation to a communication work, means when the work is made or received in New Zealand; and

• “(d) in relation to a typographical arrangement of a published edition, means when the edition is first published”.

“3 Associated definitions for purposes of communicating

• “(1) References in this Act to a person communicating a work or making a communication work are—

  • “(a) to the person transmitting the work or making it available by means of a communication technology, if that person has responsibility to any extent for its contents; and

  • “(b) any person who makes with the person communicating the work the arrangements necessary for its communication.

  “(2) For the purposes of this Act, in the case of communicating a work by satellite transmission,—

  • “(a) the place from which the work is communicated is the place from which the signals carrying the work are transmitted to the satellite: and

  • “(b) the person communicating the work is the person who transmits those signals to the satellite.”

• “(c) in the case of a communication work, the person who makes the communication work:

• “(d) in the case of a typographical arrangement of a published edition, the publisher.”

• “(2) A communication work must be treated as a work of joint authorship in any case where more than 1 person is to be taken as making the communication work.”

• “(ii) the communication of the work to the public.”

• “(a) section 85(4) (which relates to incidental recording for the purposes of a communication work):”.

• “(1) Copyright is a property right that exists, in accordance with this Act, in original works of the following descriptions:

  • “(a) literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works:

  • “(b) sound recordings:

  • “(c) films:

  • “(d) communication works:

  • “(e) typographical arrangements of published editions.”

• “(f) to communicate the work to the public:”.

“20 Qualification by reference to origin of communication work

• A communication work qualifies for copyright if it is made from—

  • “(a) a place in New Zealand; or

  • “(b) a place in a prescribed foreign country.”

• “(4) For the purposes of subsection (3), the circumstances in which a work may be made available to the public include,—

  • “(a) in the case of a literary, dramatic, or musical work,—

    • “(i) performance in public:

    • “(ii) communication to the public:

  • “(b) in the case of an artistic work,—

    • “(i) exhibition in public:

    • “(ii) the playing or showing in public of a film that includes the work:

    • “(iii) communication to the public.”

• “(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), a sound recording or film is made available to the public when—

  • “(a) the work is first—

    • “(i) published; or

    • “(ii) communicated to the public; or

  • “(b) in the case of a film or film sound track,—

    • “(i) the work is first shown in public; or

    • “(ii) the work is first played in public.”

“24 Duration of copyright in communication works

• “(1) Copyright in a communication work expires at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the communication work is first communicated to the public.

  “(2) Copyright in a repeated communication work expires at the same time as copyright in the initial communication work expires.

  “(3) There is no copyright in a repeated communication work that is communicated to the public after copyright in the initial communication work has expired.”

“33 Infringement by communicating to public

• Communicating a work to the public is a restricted act in relation to every description of copyright work.”

• “(2) Copyright in a work is infringed by a person who, other than under a copyright licence, communicates a work to 1 or more persons, knowing or having reason to believe that infringing copies will be made by means of the reception of the communication in New Zealand or elsewhere.”

“41 Incidental copying of copyright work

• “(1) Copyright in a work is not infringed by—

  • “(a) the incidental copying of the work in an artistic work, a sound recording, a film, or a communication work; or

  • “(b) the issue to the public of copies of an artistic work, the playing of a sound recording, the showing of a film, or the communication of a work to the public, in which a copyright work has been incidentally copied; or

  • “(c) the issue to the public of copies of a sound recording, film, or communication work to which paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) applies.

  “(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), a musical work, words spoken or sung with music, or so much of a sound recording or communication work as includes a musical work or those words, must not be regarded as incidentally copied in another work if the musical work or the words, sound recording, or communication work is deliberately copied.”

• “(2) Fair dealing with a work for the purpose of reporting current events by means of a sound recording, film, or communication work does not infringe copyright in the work.”

• “(4) This section does not authorise the making of more than 1 copy of the same work, or the same part of a work, on any 1 occasion, but in this subsection copy does not include a non-infringing transient reproduction to which section 43A applies.”

“43A Transient reproduction of work

• A reproduction of a work does not infringe copyright in the work if the reproduction—

  • “(a) is transient or incidental; and

  • “(b) is a necessary an integral and essential part of a technological process for—

    • “(i) making or receiving a communication that does not infringe copyright; or

    • “(ii) enabling the lawful use of, or lawful dealing in, the work; and

  • “(c) has no independent economic significance.”

• “(4A) A digital copy of a work made in accordance with subsections (3) and (4) may be supplied to an authenticated user.

• “(4B) In subsection (4A), authenticated user means a person who is a student or other person who is to receive, is receiving, or has received, a lesson that relates to the work.

• “(4A) A copy of a work made in accordance with subsections (3) and (4) may be communicated to a person who is a student or other person who is to receive, is receiving, or has received, a lesson that relates to the work.”

“44A Storing copies for educational purposes

• “(1) An educational establishment does not infringe copyright in a work that is made available on a website or other electronic retrieval system by storing a copy of the page or pages in which the work appears if—

  • “(a) the material is stored for an educational purpose; and

  • “(b) the material—

    • “(i) is displayed under a separate frame or identifier; and

    • “(ii) identifies the author (if known) and source of the work; and

    • “(iii) states the name of the educational establishment and the date on which the work was stored; and

    • “(iv) identifies the course of instruction for which the material is stored; and

  • “(c) the material is restricted to use by authenticated users.

  • “(d) the material is not available for use by authenticated users until it has been removed from the website or other electronic retrieval system on which it has been made available.

  “(2) Subsection (1) does not apply, and the educational establishment does infringe copyright in the work, if the educational establishment knowingly fails to delete the stored material within a reasonable time after the material becomes no longer relevant to the course of instruction for which it was stored.

  “(3) In subsection (1), authenticated user means a person who—

  • “(a) is a participant in the course of instruction for which the material is stored; and

  • “(b) can access the stored material only through a verification process that verifies that he or she is entitled to access the stored material.”

• “(1) Copyright in any work that is a film, sound recording, or communication work, or any work included in a film, sound recording, or communication work, is not infringed by the copying of that work in the circumstances set out in subsection (2).”

• “(2) The playing or showing, for the purposes of instruction, of a sound recording, film, or communication work to the audience described in subsection (1) at an educational establishment is not a playing or showing of the work in public for the purposes of section 32(2).”

“48 Educational establishment may record copy and communicate communication work

• “(1) A recording copy of a communication work, or a copy of that recording, may be made or communicated by or on behalf of an educational establishment, and subsequently communicated within that educational establishment, without infringing copyright in the communication work or in any work included in it, if the recording copy is made or communicated for the establishment’s educational purposes.

  “(2) However, subsection (1) does not apply to—

  • “(a) the making of a recording or the copying of a communication work if or to the extent that—

    • “(i) licences authorising the recording copying of the communication work by or on behalf of educational establishments are available under a licensing scheme; and

    • “(ii) the establishment knew that fact; or

  • “(b) the communication of a recording copy of a communication work or a copy of a recording if or to the extent that—

    • “(i) licences authorising the communication of the recording or a copy of that recording copy by or on behalf of educational establishments are available under a licensing scheme; and

    • “(ii) the establishment knew that fact.”

• “(5) In this section, copy includes a digital copy, but in that case section 56B applies as well.”

• “(4) In this section, copy includes a digital copy, but in that case section 56B applies as well.”

• “(5) In this section, copy includes a digital copy, but in that case section 56C applies as well.”

• “(5) In this section, copy includes a digital copy, but in that case section 56C applies as well.”

• “(3) The librarian of a prescribed library or the archivist of an archive may make a digital copy of any item (the original item) in the collection of the library or archive without infringing copyright in any work included in the item if—

  • “(a) the original item is at risk of loss, damage, or destruction; and

  • “(b) the digital copy replaces the original item; and

  • “(c) the original item is not accessible by members of the public after replacement by the digital copy except for purposes of research the nature of which requires or may benefit from access to the original item; and

  • “(d) it is not reasonably practicable to purchase a copy of the original item.

• “(4) The librarian of a prescribed library or the archivist of an archive may make a digital copy of any item (the original item) in the collection of the library or archive without infringing copyright in any work included in the item if—

  • “(a) the digital copy is used to replace an item in the collection of another prescribed library or archive that has been lost, damaged, or destroyed; and

  • “(b) it is not reasonably practicable to purchase a copy of the original item.”

• “(6) In this section, copy includes a digital copy, but in that case section 56B applies as well.”

“56A Library or archive may allow access to work in digital format

• “(1) The librarian of a prescribed library or the archivist of an archive that lawfully obtains a work in digital format may allow users access to that copy by means of—

  • “(a) terminals on site (on-site access); or

  • “(b) terminals off site (remote access).

  “(2) On-site access is subject to the following restrictions:

  • “(a) the librarian or archivist must ensure that all users are informed in writing about the limits of copying or communication that is allowed by this Act:

  • “(b) the work in digital format may be copied or communicated by a user only in accordance with the provisions of this Act.

  “(3) Remote access is subject to the following restrictions:

  • “(a) the work in digital format must be in a form that cannot be altered or erased:

  • “(b) the work in digital format may be accessed only by a person who has a legitimate right to use the library or archive (in this subsection called an authenticated user).

  “(4) In the case of both on-site access and remote access, the work in digital format may be accessed at any one time only by so many users as the number of that work in digital format that—

  • “(a) the library or archive has purchased; or

  • “(b) for which it is licensed.

“56A Library or archive may communicate digital copy to authenticated users

• “(1) The librarian of a prescribed library or the archivist of an archive does not infringe copyright in a work by communicating a digital copy of the work to an authenticated user if the following conditions are met:

  • “(a) the librarian or archivist has obtained the digital copy lawfully; and

  • “(b) the librarian or archivist ensures that each user is informed in writing about the limits of copying and communication allowed by this Act, including that a digital copy of a work may only be copied or communicated by the user in accordance with the provisions of this Act; and

  • “(c) the digital copy is communicated to the user in a form that cannot be altered or modified; and

  • “(d) the number of users who access the digital copy at any one time is not more than the aggregate number of digital copies of the work that—

    • “(i) the library or the archive has purchased; and

    • “(ii) for which it is licensed.

  “(2) In subsection (1), authenticated user means a person who—

  • “(a) has a legitimate right to use the services of the library or archive; and

  • “(b) can access the digital copy only through a verification process that verifies that the person is entitled to access the digital copy.

“56B Additional conditions for supply of copy of work in digital format by librarian or archivist under section 51, or 52, or 56

• A copy of a work to which section 51, 52, or 56 applies must not be supplied in a digital format, by the librarian of a prescribed library or the archivist of an archive, to a person (A) unless the following conditions are also complied with:

  • “(a) A must make a written request to the librarian or archivist for a digital copy identifying the work and stating the purpose for which the material will be used; and

  • “(b) the librarian or archivist must declare in writing that the provisions of the Act governing the supply of the digital copy have been complied with; and

  • “(c) the librarian or archivist must supply the copy in question to A only, and not to any other person; and

  • “(d) the librarian or archivist must give A, when the copy is supplied, a written notice that sets out the terms of use of the copy; and

  • “(e) the librarian or archivist must, as soon as is reasonably practicable, destroy any additional copy made in the process of making the copy that is supplied to A.

“56C Additional conditions for making digital copies under section 53 or section 54

• A copy of a work to which section 53 or section 54 applies must not be supplied in a digital format to a library unless the following conditions are complied with:

  • “(a) the library requesting the supply of a digital copy must make the request in writing to the librarian supplying the copy, and must state in its request the purpose for which the copy is required; and

  • “(b) the librarian supplying the copy must declare in writing that the provisions of the Act governing the supply of the copy have been complied with; and

  • “(c) the librarian supplying the digital copy must, as soon as is reasonably practicable, destroy any additional copy made in the process of making the copy that is supplied.

“56C Additional condition for making digital copies under section 53 or 54

• A copy of a work to which section 53 or 54 applies must not be supplied in a digital format to a library unless the librarian supplying the digital copy destroys, as soon as is reasonably practicable, any additional copy made in the process of making the copy that is supplied.”

“57A Retention and inspection of declaration

• “(1) A librarian or archivist who makes a declaration under section 56B or section 56C must retain the declaration for the period of 3 years after it is made.

  “(2) The copyright owner of the work to which the declaration relates or that person’s agent may inspect the declaration by giving the librarian or archivist notice to inspect it during the ordinary working hours of the library or archive on a working day.

  “(3) The notice to inspect must nominate a day for inspection that is not earlier than 5 working days after the librarian or archivist receives the notice.

  “(4) Subject to subsection (5), a librarian or archivist who has been given a notice to inspect in accordance with this section must—

  • “(a) if notice is given to inspect more than 1 declaration, arrange the declarations in chronological order; and

  • “(b) allow the copyright owner or that person’s agent to inspect the declaration or declarations on the day nominated in the notice to inspect; and

  • “(c) provide the copyright owner or that person’s agent with reasonable facilities and assistance for the purpose of the inspection.

  “(5) A librarian or archivist who has been given a notice of inspection in accordance with this section may refuse inspection unless the identity of the person inspecting has been verified as the copyright owner or that person’s agent by documentary or other evidence reasonably capable of establishing identity.”

• “(2) Copyright in a work is not infringed by the making of a sound recording, or the communication to the public, of a reading or recitation that under subsection (1) is not treated as a performance in public, if the recording or communication work consists mainly of material in relation to which it is not necessary to rely on that subsection.”

• “(c) communicating to the public a visual image of the work.”

• “(3) Copyright is not infringed by the issue to the public of copies, or the communication to the public, of anything the making of which was, under this section, not an infringement of copyright.”

“80A Decompilation of computer program

• “(1) The lawful user of a copy of a computer program expressed in a low level language does not infringe copyright in the program by decompiling it, if the conditions in subsection (2) are met.

  “(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) are that—

  • “(a) decompilation is necessary to obtain information necessary for the objective of creating an independent program that can be operated with the program decompiled or with another program; and

  • “(b) the information obtained from the decompilation is not used for any purpose other than the objective referred to in paragraph (a).

  “(3) In particular, the conditions in subsection (2) are not met if—

  • “(a) the information necessary to create the independent program is readily available to the lawful user without decompiling the computer program; or

  • “(b) the lawful user does not confine decompilation of the computer program strictly to the steps that are necessary to create an independent program; or

  • “(c) the lawful user gives the information obtained from decompiling the computer program to any person when it is not necessary for creating an independent program to do so; or

  • “(d) the lawful user uses the information obtained from decompiling the computer program to create a program that is substantially similar in its expression to the program that has been decompiled; or

  • “(e) the lawful user uses the information obtained from decompiling the computer program to do any act that is restricted by copyright.

  “(4) In this section,—

  “decompile means—

  • “(a) to convert a computer program expressed in a low level language into a version expressed in a high level language; or

  • “(b) to copy the program as a necessary incident of converting it into that version

  “high level language means a machine-independent computer programming language

  “low level language means a computer programming language in electronic machine-readable form.

  “(4) In this section, decompile means—

  • “(a) to convert a computer program expressed in a low level language into a version expressed in a higher level language; or

  • “(b) to copy the program as a necessary incident of converting it into that version.

“80B Copying or adapting computer program if necessary for lawful use

• “(1) The lawful user of a computer program (A) does not infringe copyright in it by copying or adapting it, if—

  • “(a) copying or adapting it is necessary for A’s lawful use of the program (for example, to correct an error in the program); and

  • “(b) a properly functioning and error-free copy of the program is not available to A within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.

  “(2) This section does not apply to copying or adapting that is permitted under section 80A or section 80C 80BA.

“80BA Observing, studying, or testing of computer program

• The lawful user of a computer program (A) does not infringe copyright in it by observing, studying, or testing the functioning of the program in order to determine the ideas and principles that underlie any element of the program if A does so while performing the acts of loading, displaying, running, transmitting, or storing the program that A is entitled to do.

“80C Certain contractual terms relating to use of computer programs have no effect

• A term or condition in an agreement for the use of a computer program has no effect in so far as it prohibits or restricts—

  • “(a) any activity undertaken in compliance with the conditions set out in section 80A or section 80B; or

  • “(b) use of any device or means to observe, study, or test the functioning of the program in order to understand the ideas and principles that underlie any element of the program.

“80C Certain contractual terms relating to use of computer programs have no effect

• A term or condition in an agreement for the use of a computer program has no effect in so far as it prohibits or restricts any activity undertaken in accordance with section 80A(2) or 80B(1).”

“81A Copying sound recording for private and domestic use personal use

• “(1) Copyright in a sound recording and in a literary or musical work contained in it is not infringed by copying the sound recording, if the following conditions are met:

  • “(aa) the sound recording is not a communication work or part of a communication work; and

  • “(a) the copy is made from a sound recording that is not an infringing copy; and

  • “(b) the sound recording is not borrowed or hired; and

  • “(c) the copy is made by the owner of the sound recording; and

  • “(d) thethat owner acquired the sound recording legitimately; and

  • “(e) the copy is used only for that owner’s private and domestic use personal use or the personal use of a member of the household in which the owner lives or both; and

  • “(f) no more than 1 copy is made for each type of device for playing sound recordings that is owned by the owner of the sound recording; and

  • “(g) the owner of the sound recording retains the ownership of both the sound recording and of any copy that is made under this section.

  “(2) For the avoidance of doubt, subsection (1) does not apply if the owner of the sound recording is bound by a contract that specifies the circumstances in which the sound recording may be copied.

  “(3) This section expires after 2 years after the date on which it came into force, but—

  • “(a) the Governor-General may, by Order in Council made while this section is in force, extend the date of expiry for a further period of 2 years:

  • “(b) the Governor-General may extend the date of expiry under paragraph (a) more than once.”

“Communication works

“82 Recording for purposes of maintaining standards in programmes

• The author of a communication work does not infringe copyright in it, or in any work included in it, by recording it, if the recording is made and used solely for the purpose of checking on the maintenance of standards in communication works made by the author.

“83 Recording for purposes of complaining

• “(1) A person (A) does not infringe copyright in a communication work, or in any work included in it, by recording it or communicating it or both to a complaint authority, if the recording or the communication or both are done solely for the purpose of complaining to a complaint authority.

  “(2) However, subsection (1) does not apply, and A does infringe copyright in the communication work recorded and in any work included in the recording, if A retains the recording for any longer than is reasonably necessary to prepare and despatch the complaint.

  “(3) If a person infringes copyright under subsection (2), the recording is treated as an infringing copy.

  “(4) In this section and in section 84, complaint authority means any person or body that is responsible for dealing with complaints about the content of communication works, including the content of advertisements in communication works.

“84 Recording for purposes of time shifting

• “(1) A person (A) does not infringe copyright in a programme included in a communication work, or in any work included in it, by recording it, if A—

  • “(a) A makes the recording solely for A’s private and domestic use personal use or the personal use of a member of the household in which A lives or both; and

  • “(b) A makes the recording solely for the purpose of viewing or listening to the recording at a more convenient time; and

  • “(c) is not able lawfully to access the communication work on demand; and

  • “(c) the recording is not made from an on-demand service; and

  • “(d) A has lawful access to the communication work at the time of making the recording.

  “(2) However, subsection (1) does not apply, and A does infringe copyright in the communication work recorded and in any work included in the communication work, if—

  • “(a) A retains the recording for any longer than is reasonably necessary for viewing or listening to the recording at a more convenient time; or

  • “(b) in the event that the person who views or listens to the recording wishes to make a complaint to a complaint authority, A retains the recording for any longer than is reasonably necessary to prepare and despatch the complaint.

  “(3) If a person infringes copyright under subsection (2), the recording is treated as an infringing copy.

  Example

  A records a movie to be screened on television because she will be at work when it screens. She watches the movie on the weekend and then later tapes over it. Provided the conditions in s 84(1) are met, the copy that A makes is not an infringing copy.

  B copies music from a streamed Internet audio service and keeps the copy as part of B’s music collection, in order to listen to it multiple times on demand. Copies made for the home library or collection in this way are infringing copies.

• “(1) This section applies where, under an assignment or a licence, a person is authorised to communicate the following works to the public:

  • “(a) a literary, dramatic, or musical work, or an adaptation of that work; or

  • “(b) an artistic work; or

  • “(c) a sound recording or film.”

“87 Free public playing or showing of communication work

• “(1) The free public playing or showing of a communication work (other than a communication work to which section 87A applies or a communication work for which a subscription fee must be paid in order to receive it) does not infringe any copyright in—

  • “(a) the communication work; or

  • “(b) any sound recording or film included in the communication work.

  “(2) For the purposes of this section, the public playing or showing of a communication work is not free if—

  • “(a) the audience has paid for admission to—

    • “(i) the place where the communication work is shown or played (which in this section is called the venue); or

    • “(ii) any place of which the venue is a part; or

  • “(b) goods or services are supplied at the venue or a place of which it forms part at prices that—

    • “(i) are substantially attributable to the facilities afforded for hearing or seeing the communication work; or

    • “(ii) exceed those usually charged there and that are partly attributable to those facilities; or

  • “(c) the venue is a hotel, motel, camping ground, or any other place that admits persons for a fee for purposes of temporary accommodation, and the audience is made up of persons residing at that hotel, motel, camping ground, or other place.

  “(3) For the purposes of subsection (2)(a), the following persons must not be treated as having paid for admission to the venue:

  • “(a) a person admitted as a resident or an inmate of a place (other than a hotel, motel, camping ground, or any other place to which subsection (2)(c) applies):

  • “(b) a person admitted as a member of a club or society where the payment is only for membership of the club or society and the provision of facilities for hearing or seeing communication works is only incidental to the main purposes of the club or society.

“87A Free public playing or showing of communication work that is simultaneous with reception

• “(1) This section applies to the playing or showing of a communication work that—

  • “(a) is made for reception in the area in which it is played or shown; and

  • “(b) is not a satellite transmission or an encrypted transmission; and

  • “(b) is not a communication work for which a subscription fee must be paid in order to receive it; and

  • “(c) is shown or played simultaneously upon reception of the communication work.

  “(2) The free public playing or showing of a communication work to which this section applies does not infringe any copyright in—

  • “(a) the communication work; or

  • “(b) any sound recording or film that is played or shown in public by reception of the communication work.

  “(3) For the purposes of this section, the public playing or showing of a communication work is not free if—

  • “(a) the audience has paid for admission to the place where the communication work is shown or played (which in this section is called the venue), including any place of which the venue is a part; or

  • “(b) goods or services are supplied at the venue or a place of which it forms part at prices that—

    • “(i) are substantially attributable to the facilities afforded for hearing or seeing the communication work; or

    • “(ii) exceed those usually charged there and that are partly attributable to those facilities.

  “(4) For the purposes of subsection (3)(a), the following persons must not be treated as having paid for admission to the venue:

  • “(a) a person admitted as a resident or an inmate of a place (including a person residing in a hotel, motel, camping ground, or any other place that admits persons for a fee for the purpose of temporary accommodation):

  • “(b) a person admitted as a member of a club or society where the payment is only for membership of the club or society and the provision of facilities for hearing or seeing communication works is only incidental to the main purposes of the club or society.

“87B Assessment of damages for infringement of copyright in sound recording or film

• Where the making of a communication work is an infringement of copyright, the fact that the work was heard or seen in public by the reception of the communication work must be taken into account in assessing the damages for the infringement.”

• “(4) For the purposes of this section only,—

  • “(a) sections 3 and 4 of this Act before repeal by the Copyright (New Technologies) Amendment Act 2006 continue to apply as if they had not been repealed and as if references in those provisions to ‘this Act’ were references to this section; and

  • “(b) the definition of broadcast in section 2(1) of this Act before repeal by the Copyright (New Technologies) Amendment Act 2006 continues to apply as if that definition had not been repealed.”

“89 Provision of subtitled copies of communication work

• “(1) A body prescribed by regulation made under this Act may, for the purpose of providing people who are deaf or hard of hearing, or physically or mentally disabled in any other way, with copies that are subtitled or otherwise modified for their special needs, make copies of a communication work and issue copies to the public, without infringing any copyright in the communication work or in any work included in the communication work.

  “(2) A body must not be prescribed for the purposes of subsection (1) if it is established or conducted for profit.”

• “(1) A person (A) does not infringe copyright in a communication work, or in any work included in it, by recording it or making a copy of a recording of it, if—

  • “(a) the communication work is in a class of communication work prescribed by regulations made under this Act; and

  • “(b) A makes the recording or the copy for the purpose of placing it in an archive maintained by a body prescribed by regulations made under this Act.”

• “(1) This section applies to a recording, or a transcript of a recording, of a communication work that consists wholly or substantially of news or reports or discussions of current events.

• “(1A) The person who makes the recording or transcript does not infringe copyright in the communication work, or in any work included in the communication work, if the conditions in subsection (2) are complied with.”

“Internet service provider liability

“92A Limitations on liability in sections 92B to 92D apply only to qualifying Internet service provider

• The limitations on liability in sections 92B to 92D apply only in respect of an Internet service provider that has adopted and reasonably implemented a policy that provides for termination, in appropriate circumstances, of the accounts of repeat infringers.

“92B Internet service provider liability if user infringes copyright

• “(1) This section applies if a person (A) infringes the copyright in a work by using 1 or more of the Internet services of an Internet service provider to do a restricted act without the consent of the copyright owner.

  “(2) Merely because A uses the Internet services of the Internet service provider in infringing the copyright, the Internet service provider, without more,—

  • “(a) does not infringe the copyright in the work:

  • “(b) must not be taken to have authorised A’s infringement of copyright in the work:

  • “(c) subject to subsection (3), must not be subject to any civil remedy or criminal sanction.

  “(3) However, nothing in this section limits the right of the copyright owner to injunctive relief against the Internet service provider in relation to A’s, or a related, infringement in relation to A’s infringement or any infringement by the Internet service provider.

  “(4) In subsections (1) and (2), Internet services means the services referred to in the definition of Internet service provider in section 2(1).

“92C Internet service provider liability for storing infringing material

• “(1) This section applies if—

  • “(a) an Internet service provider stores (but does not modify) material provided by a user of the service; and

  • “(b) the material infringes copyright in a work (other than as a result of any modification by the Internet service provider).

  “(2) The Internet service provider does not infringe copyright in the work by storing the material unless—

  • “(a) the Internet service provider—

    • “(i) knows or has reason to believe that the material infringes copyright in the work; and

    • “(ii) does not, as soon as possible after the Internet service provider becomes aware of the infringing material, delete the material or prevent access to it; or

  • “(a) the Internet service provider knows that the material infringes copyright in the work; or

  • “(ba) the Internet service provider—

    • “(i) has received a notice of infringement that complies with section 92CA; and

    • “(ii) does not, as soon as possible after becoming aware (whether as a result of receiving the notice or otherwise) of facts or circumstances that make it apparent that the material is likely to infringe copyright in the work, delete the material or prevent access to it; or

  • “(b) the user of the service who provided the material is acting under the authority and control of on behalf of, or at the direction of, the Internet service provider.

  “(3) An Internet service provider who deletes a user’s material or prevents access to it because the Internet service provider knows or has reason to believe that it infringes copyright in a work must, as soon as possible, give notice to the user that the material has been deleted or access to it prevented.

  “(4) Nothing in this section limits the right of the copyright owner to injunctive relief against the Internet service provider in relation to a user’s infringement or any infringement by the Internet service provider.

“92CA Notice of infringement

• A notice referred to in section 92C(2)(ba)(i) must be—

  • “(a) properly completed; and

  • “(b) in the prescribed form; and

  • “(c) signed by the copyright owner or the copyright owner’s duly authorised agent.

“92CB Offences in relation to notice of infringement

• “(1) A person (A) commits an offence if—

  • “(a) A signs, or authorises another person to sign, a notice referred to in section 92C(2)(ba)(i); and

  • “(b) the notice is false or misleading in a material particular; and

  • “(c) A knows that the notice is false or misleading in a material particular or is reckless as to whether it is or not.

  “(2) A person (B) commits an offence if—

  • “(a) B has signed, or has authorised another person to sign, a notice referred to in section 92C(2)(ba)(i); and

  • “(b) the notice is false or misleading in a material particular; and

  • “(c) after the notice is signed, B either knows that the notice is false or misleading in a material particular or is reckless as to whether it is or not; and

  • “(d) does not take all reasonable steps to withdraw the notice.

  “(3) A person who commits an offence under this section is liable on summary conviction,—

  • “(a) in the case of an individual, to a fine not exceeding $50,000; and

  • “(b) in the case of a body corporate, to a fine not exceeding $100,000.

  “(4) For the avoidance of doubt, if an individual acting on behalf of a body corporate commits an offence under this section, the body corporate also commits the offence.

“92D Internet service provider does not infringe copyright by caching infringing material

• “(1) An Internet service provider does not infringe copyright in a work by caching material if the Internet service provider—

  • “(a) does not modify the material; and

  • “(b) complies with any conditions imposed by the copyright owner of the material for access to that material; and

  • “(c) does not interfere with the lawful use of technology to obtain data on the use of the material; and

  • “(d) updates the material in accordance with reasonable industry practice.

  “(2) However, an Internet service provider does infringe copyright in a work by caching material if the Internet service provider does not delete the material or prevent access to it by users as soon as possible after the Internet service provider became aware that—

  • “(a) the material has been deleted from its original source; or

  • “(b) access to the material at its original source has been prevented; or

  • “(c) a court has ordered that the material be deleted from its original source or that access to the material at its original source be prevented.

  “(3) Nothing in this section limits the right of the copyright owner to injunctive relief against the Internet service provider in relation to a user’s infringement or any infringement by the Internet service provider.

  “(4) In this section,—

  “cache means the storage of material by an Internet service provider that is—

  • “(a) automatic controlled through an automated process; and

  • “(b) temporary; and

  • “(c) for the sole purpose of enabling the Internet service provider to transmit the material more efficiently to other users of the service on their request

  “original source means the source from which the Internet service provider copied the material that is cached.”

• “(2) The provisions referred to in subsection (1) are as follows:

  • “(a) section 43A (which relates to transient reproduction of work):

  • “(b) section 44 (which relates to copying for educational purposes of literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works or typographical arrangements):

  • “(c) section 44A (which relates to storing for educational purposes):

  • “(d) section 45 (which relates to copying for educational purposes of films and sound recordings):

  • “(e) section 48 (which relates to recording by educational establishments of communication works):

  • “(f) section 49 (which relates to things done for the purposes of an examination):

  • “(g) section 51 (which relates to copying by librarians of parts of published works):

  • “(h) section 52 (which relates to copying by librarians of articles in periodicals):

  • “(i) section 53 (which relates to copying by librarians for users of other libraries):

  • “(j) section 55 (which relates to copying by librarians or archivists to replace copies of works):

  • “(k) section 56 (which relates to copying by librarians or archivists of certain unpublished works):

  • “(l) sections 56A to 56C (which relate to access to and copying of works in digital format):

  • “(m) section 58 (which relates to copying by the Parliamentary Library for members of Parliament):

  • “(n) section 69 (which relates to the provision of Braille copies of literary or dramatic works):

  • “(o) section 80A (which relates to the decompilation of computer programs):

  • “(p) section 80B (which relates to copying or adapting computer programs if necessary for lawful use):

  • “(q) section 81A (which relates to copying sound recordings for private and domestic use):

  • “(r) section 83 (which relates to recording for the purposes of complaining):

  • “(s) section 84 (which relates to recording for the purposes of time shifting):

  • “(t) section 90 (which relates to recording for archival purposes):

  • “(u) section 92B (which relates to Internet service provider liability for storing infringing material):

  • “(v) section 92C (which relates to Internet service provider liability for caching infringing material).”

• “(a) the film is shown in public or communicated to the public; or”.

• “(3) The right is not infringed by an act that, under any of the following provisions of this Act, would not infringe copyright in the work:

  • “(a) section 41 (which relates to incidental copying of a work):

  • “(b) section 42 (which relates to criticism, review, and news reporting):

  • “(c) section 43A (which relates to transient reproduction of work):

  • “(d) section 49 (which relates to things done for the purposes of an examination):

  • “(e) section 59 (which relates to parliamentary and judicial proceedings):

  • “(f) section 60 (which relates to Royal commissions and statutory inquiries):

  • “(g) section 67 (which relates to acts permitted on assumptions as to expiry of copyright or death of author in relation to anonymous or pseudonymous works):

  • “(h) section 81A (which relates to copying sound recordings for private and domestic use).”

• “(b) a part of a film, if that part—

  • “(i) appears incidentally in another film, or is included in a communication work; and

  • “(ii) is not a substantial part of the film.”

• “(a) shows in public, or communicates to the public, a derogatory treatment of the film; or”.

• “(i) plays in public or communicates to the public; or”.

• “(a) in relation to the communication of a film,—

  • “(i) complying with a duty imposed under section 4 of the Broadcasting Act 1989; or

  • “(ii) maintaining standards that are consistent with the observance of good taste and decency and the maintenance of law and order; or

  • “(iii) avoiding the commission of an offence; or

  • “(iv) complying with a duty imposed by or under any enactment—”.

• “(6) The right is not infringed, in relation to the communication of a film to the public, if the person (A) communicating the film—

  • “(a) makes a deletion or any deletions from the film that is or are reasonably required to enable A to—

    • “(i) follow guidelines as to the programmes that may be shown in particular time periods; or

    • “(ii) fit the film into the time scheduled to show it; or

  • “(b) communicates the film in separate parts because of its length; or

  • “(c) uses a clip of a film in an advertisement for the showing of the film.”

• “(4) A person (A) infringes a right under subsection (2) if—

  • “(a) A performs a literary, dramatic, or musical work in public, or shows a film to the public, or communicates the work or film to the public; and

  • “(b) the work or film is accompanied by a false attribution; and

  • “(c) A knows or has reason to believe that the attribution is false.”

• “(4) A person (A) infringes the right conferred by subsection (2) if A performs in public, or communicates to the public, a literary, dramatic, or musical work, accompanied by a false representation, and A knows or has reason to believe that the representation is false.”

• “(c) not to have the work communicated to the public.”

“112 Warranty implied in certain licences

• “(1) This section applies to a licence that has been granted for—

  • “(a) the performance or communication to the public of a copyright work that is a literary, dramatic, or musical work or a sound recording or film; or

  • “(b) the inclusion of a copyright work that is an artistic work in a performance or a communication work.

  “(2) A warranty is implied in the licence that the person by whom or on whose behalf the licence is granted is—

  • “(a) the owner of the copyright in the work, sound recording, or film that is the subject of the licence; or

  • “(b) authorised to grant the licence by the copyright owner.

“112A Damages for falsely claiming copyright ownership or licence

• “(1) This section applies if—

  • “(a) a person (A) falsely claims to be, or to have been granted a licence by or on behalf of, the owner of the copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical, or an artistic work or a sound recording or film; and

  • “(b) A has threatened or commenced proceedings for preventing, or claiming damages in respect of, a performance or communication to the public of the work, sound recording, or film (which in this section is called the event); and

  • “(c) as a result of the threat or commencement of proceedings, the event has not taken place.

  “(2) A court may award damages to compensate any of the following persons for any loss sustained because the event did not take place:

  • “(a) in the case of a threat of proceedings, the person to whom A made the threat:

  • “(b) in the case of the commencement of proceedings, a defendant:

  • “(c) any other person interested in the event.

“112B Provisions of sections 112 and 112A to have effect no matter what licence says

• The provisions of sections 112 and 112A have effect no matter what any licence may say, and extend to all licences whether granted before or after the commencement of this Act.”

• “(2) In subsection (1), group of companies means a holding company and its subsidiaries as defined in sections 5 and 6 of the Companies Act 1993.”

• “(iv) relate to licences for copying the work or performing, showing, or playing the work in public or communicating the work to the public:”.

• “(iii) recording in the circumstances set out in sections 48(1) and 91(2);—”.

• “(iii) authorise the copying of the work or the performance, showing, or playing of the work in public or the communication of the work to the public:”.

“163 Licences for educational establishments in respect of works included in communication works

• “(1) This section applies to references or applications made under this Part in relation to licences for—

  • “(a) the recording, for educational purposes, by or on behalf of educational establishments, of communication works that include copyright works; or

  • “(b) making copies of those recordings for educational purposes.

  “(2) When this section applies, the Tribunal must, in considering what charges (if any) should be paid for a licence, have regard to the extent to which the owners of the copyright in the works included in the communication work have already received, or are entitled to receive, payment in respect of their inclusion.”

• “(1) This section applies to applications under this Part in relation to licences to include literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works or sound recordings or films in a communication work when one communication work (in this section referred to as the first transmission) is, by reception and immediate retransmission, to be further communicated to the public (in this section referred to as the further transmission).”

• “(d) communicating recordings or copies of recordings to the public”.

• “(b) communicates live to the public the whole or any substantial part of a performance.”

“172 Infringement by use of illicit recording made without performer’s consent

• A person (A) infringes a performer’s rights if—

  • “(a) without the performer’s consent and by means of a recording, A shows in public, plays in public, or communicates to the public the whole or a substantial part of a performance; and

  • “(b) the recording is illicit was made without the performer’s consent; and

  • “(c) A knows or has reason to believe that the recording is illicit was made without the performer’s consent.”

• “(1) The rights conferred by this Part are not infringed by—

  • “(a) the incidental copying inclusion of a performance or recording in a sound recording, film, or communication work; or

  • “(b) the playing of a sound recording, the showing of a film, or the making of a communication work, where the performance or sound recording has been incidentally copied included in that sound recording, film, or communication work; or

  • “(c) the issue to the public of copies of a sound recording, film, or communication work in which a performance or recording has been incidentally copied included.”

“175A Transient reproduction of recording of performance

• A reproduction of a recording of a performance of a work does not infringe the rights conferred by this Part in the recording if the reproduction—

  • “(a) is transient or incidental; and

  • “(b) is a necessary part of a technological process for the viewing of, or listening to, the recording by a member of the public to whom the recording is lawfully made available; and

  • “(c) has no independent economic significance.”

• “(1) It is not an infringement of the rights conferred by this Part to use a recording of a reading or recitation of a literary work (or to copy the recording and use the copy) if—

  • “(a) it was made for the purpose of—

    • “(i) reporting current events; or

    • “(ii) communicating all or part of the reading or recitation to the public; and

  • “(b) the conditions in subsection (2) are complied with.”

“187 Incidental recording for purposes of communication work

• “(1) A person who proposes to communicate a recording of a performance to the public in circumstances not infringing rights under this Part does not require consent for the purposes of this Part to the making of the further recording if the conditions in subsection (2) are complied with.

  “(2) The conditions referred to in subsection (1) are that the further recording—

  • “(a) must only be used for communicating it to the public in circumstances not infringing rights under this Part; and

  • “(b) must be destroyed within 6 months after first being communicated to the public, unless the Minister has authorised the preservation of the recording in the records of a government department or in the national archives because of its documentary character or exceptional importance.

  “(3) A recording made in accordance with this section is treated as an illicit recording—

  • “(a) for the purposes of any use in breach of the condition in subsection (2)(a); and

  • “(b) for all purposes after either of the conditions in subsection (2) is broken.”

“188 Free public playing or showing of communication work

• “(1) The free public playing or showing of a communication work (other than a communication work to which section 188A applies or a communication work for which a subscription fee must be paid in order to receive it) does not infringe a right under this Part in relation to a performance or recording included in—

  • “(a) the communication work; or

  • “(b) any sound recording or film that is played or shown in public by reception of the communication work.

  “(2) For the purposes of this section, the public playing or showing of a communication work is not free if—

  • “(a) the audience has paid for admission to—

    • “(i) the place where the communication work is shown or played (which in this section is called the venue); or

    • “(ii) any place of which the venue is a part; or

  • “(b) goods or services are supplied at the venue or a place of which it forms part at prices that—

    • “(i) are substantially attributable to the facilities afforded for hearing or seeing the communication work; or

    • “(ii) exceed those usually charged there and that are partly attributable to those facilities; or

  • “(c) the venue is a hotel, motel, camping ground, or any other place that admits persons for a fee for the purposes of temporary accommodation, and the audience is made up of persons residing at that hotel, motel, camping ground, or other place.

  “(3) For the purposes of subsection (2)(a), the following persons must not be treated as having paid for admission to the venue:

  • “(a) a person admitted as a resident or an inmate of a place (other than a hotel, motel, camping ground, or any other place to which subsection (2)(c) applies):

  • “(b) a person admitted as a member of a club or society where the payment is only for membership of the club or society and the provision of facilities for hearing or seeing communication works is only incidental to the main purposes of the club or society.

“188A Free public playing or showing of communication work that is simultaneous with reception

• “(1) This section applies to the playing or showing of a communication work that—

  • “(a) is made for reception in the area in which it is played or shown; and

  • “(b) is not a satellite transmission or an encrypted transmission; and

  • “(b) is not a communication work for which a subscription fee must be paid in order to receive it; and

  • “(c) is played or shown simultaneously upon reception of the communication work.

  “(2) The free public playing or showing of a communication work to which this section applies does not infringe a right under this Part in relation to a performance or recording included in—

  • “(a) the communication work; or

  • “(b) any sound recording or film that is played or shown in public by reception of the communication work.

  “(3) For the purposes of this section, the public playing or showing of a communication work is not free if—

  • “(a) the audience has paid for admission to the place where the communication work is played or shown (which in this section is called the venue), including any place of which the venue is a part; or

  • “(b) goods or services are supplied at the venue or a place of which it forms part at prices that—

    • “(i) are substantially attributable to the facilities afforded for hearing or seeing the communication work; or

    • “(ii) exceed those usually charged there and that are partly attributable to those facilities.

  “(4) For the purposes of subsection (3)(a), the following persons must not be treated as having paid for admission to the venue:

  • “(a) a person admitted as a resident or an inmate of a place (including a person residing in a hotel, motel, camping ground, or any other place that admits persons for a fee) for the purpose of temporary accommodation:

  • “(b) a person admitted as a member of a club or society where the payment is only for membership of the club or society and the provision of facilities for hearing or seeing communication works is only incidental to the main purposes of the club or society.

“188B Assessment of damages for infringement of rights under this Part in relation to performance or recording

• Where the making of a communication work is an infringement of rights under this Part in relation to a performance or recording, the fact that the work was heard or seen in public by the reception of the communication work must be taken into account in assessing the damages for the infringement.”

“190 Provision of subtitled copies of communication work

• “(1) A prescribed body that makes a recording of a communication work for the purpose of providing people who are deaf or hard of hearing or physically or mentally disabled in any other way with copies that are subtitled or otherwise modified for their special needs, does not infringe any right under this Part in relation to a performance or recording included in that communication work.

  “(2) A body must not be prescribed for the purposes of subsection (1) if it is established or conducted for profit.”

“191 Recording of communication work for archival purposes

• “(1) Any person (A) who records, or makes a copy of a recording of, a communication work does not infringe any right under this Part in relation to a performance or recording included in the communication work if—

  • “(a) the communication work falls within a prescribed class; and

  • “(b) A makes the recording or the copy for the purpose of it being placed in an archive maintained by a prescribed body.

  “(2) A body must not be prescribed for the purposes of subsection (1) if it is established or conducted for profit.”

• “(b) communicated to the public.”

“Technological protection measures

“226 Definitions of TPM terms

• In sections 226A to 226E, unless the context otherwise requires,—

  “TPM or technological protection measure includes any process, treatment, mechanism, device, or system that is designed in the normal course of its operation to prevent or inhibit the unauthorised exercise of any of the rights conferred by this Act

  “TPM spoiler means a person who contravenes section 226A

  “TPM spoiling device means a device or means that—

  • “(a) is primarily designed, produced, or adapted for the purpose of enabling or facilitating the circumvention of a technological protection measure; and

  • “(b) has no significant application except for its use in circumventing a technological protection measure

  “TPM or technological protection measure—

  • “(a) means any process, treatment, mechanism, device, or system that in the normal course of its operation prevents or inhibits the infringement of copyright in a TPM work; but

  • “(b) for the avoidance of doubt, does not include a process, treatment, mechanism, device, or system to the extent that, in the normal course of operation, it controls any access to a work for non-infringing purposes (for example, it does not include a process, treatment, mechanism, device, or system to the extent that it controls geographic market segmentation by preventing the playback in New Zealand of a non-infringing copy of a work)

  “TPM circumvention device means a device or means that—

  • “(a) is primarily designed, produced, or adapted for the purpose of enabling or facilitating the circumvention of a technological protection measure; and

  • “(b) has no significant application except for its use in circumventing a technological protection measure

  “TPM work means a copyright work that is protected by a technological protection measure.

“226A Prohibited conduct in relation to technological protection measure

• “(1) A person (A) must not make, import, sell, distribute, let for hire, offer or expose for sale or hire, or advertise for sale or hire, a TPM spoiling circumvention device that applies to a technological protection measure if A knows or has reason to believe that it will, or is likely to, be used to infringe copyright in a TPM work.

  “(2) A person (A) must not provide a service, including the publication of information, to another person (B) if—

  • “(a) the service or the information is intended A intends the service to enable or assist persons B to circumvent a technological protection measure; and

  • “(b) A knows or has reason to believe that the service or the information will, or is likely to, be used to infringe copyright in a TPM work that is protected by a technological protection measure.

  “(3) A person (A) must not publish information enabling or assisting another person to circumvent a technological protection measure if A intends that the information will be used to infringe copyright in a TPM work.

“226B Rights of issuer of TPM work

• “(1) This section applies if a TPM work is issued to the public by, or under licence from, the copyright owner.

  “(2) The issuer of the TPM work has the same rights against a TPM spoiler person who contravenes section 226A as a copyright owner has in respect of an infringement of copyright.

  “(3) The issuer of the TPM work has the same rights under section 122 (order for delivery up in civil proceedings) or section 132 (order for delivery up in criminal proceedings) in relation to a TPM spoiling circumvention device as a copyright owner has in relation to an infringing copy.

  “(4) Sections 126 to 129 (which relate to certain presumptions) apply in relation to proceedings under this section.

  “(5) Section 134 (order as to disposal of infringing copy or other object) applies, with all necessary modifications, in relation to the disposal of anything that is delivered up under subsection (3).

“226C Offence of making, etc, TPM spoiling device contravening section 226A

• “(1) Every person commits an offence who, in the course of business,—

  • “(a) either—

    • “(i) makes for sale or hire, imports, sells, lets for hire, offers or exposes for sale or hire, or advertises for sale or hire, a TPM spoiling device; or

    • “(ii) publishes information intended to enable or assist persons to circumvent a technological prevention measure; and

  • “(b) does so, knowing that the TPM spoiling device or the information will, or is likely to, be used to infringe copyright in a work that is protected by the technological protection measure in question.

  “(1) A person (A) commits an offence who, in the course of business, makes, imports, sells, distributes, lets for hire, offers or exposes for sale or hire, or advertises for sale or hire, a TPM circumvention device that applies to a technological protection measure if A knows that it will, or is likely to, be used to infringe copyright in a TPM work.

  “(1A) A person (A) commits an offence who, in the course of business, provides a service to another person (B) if—

  • “(a) A intends the service to enable or assist B to circumvent a technological protection measure; and

  • “(b) A knows that the service will, or is likely to, be used to infringe copyright in a TPM work.

  “(1B) A person (A) commits an offence who, in the course of business, publishes information enabling or assisting another person to circumvent a technological protection measure if A intends that the information will be used to infringe copyright in a TPM work.

  “(2) A person who commits an offence under subsection (1) this section is liable on conviction on indictment to a fine not exceeding $150,000 or a term of imprisonment not exceeding 5 years or both.

“226D When rights of issuer of TPM work do not apply

• “(1) The rights that the issuer of a TPM work has under section 226B do not prevent or restrict the exercise of a permitted act.

  “(2) The rights that the issuer of a TPM work has under section 226B do not prevent or restrict the making, importation, sale, or letting for hire of a TPM spoiling circumvention device to enable a qualified person to—

  • “(a) exercise a permitted act under Part 3; or

  • “(b) correct an error in a computer program; or

  • “(c) effect interoperability of software; or

  • “(d) undertake encryption research.

  “(3) In this section and in section 226E, qualified person means—

  • “(a) the librarian of a prescribed library; or

  • “(b) a prescribed the archivist of an archive; or

  • “(c) an educational establishment; or

  • “(d) any other person specified by the Governor-General by Order in Council on the recommendation of the Minister.

  “(4) A qualified person must not be supplied with a TPM spoiling circumvention device on behalf of a user unless the qualified person has first made a declaration to the supplier in the prescribed form.

  “(5) In this section,—

  “archive has the same meaning as in section 50(1)

  “archivist includes a person acting on behalf of the archivist

  “encryption technology means the scrambling and descrambling of information using mathematical formulae or algorithms

  “librarian includes a person acting on behalf of the librarian

  “prescribed library has the same meaning as in section 50(1).

  “(6) In this section and in section 226E, encryption research means identifying and analysing flaws and vulnerabilities of encryption technology.

“226E User’s options if prevented from exercising permitted act by TPM

• The user of a TPM work who wishes to exercise a permitted act allowed under this Act but cannot practically do so because of a TPM may—

  • “(a) apply to the copyright owner or the exclusive licensee for assistance enabling the user to exercise the permitted act:

  • “(b) engage a qualified person (see section 226D(3)) to exercise the permitted act on the user’s behalf using a TPM spoiling device, but only if the copyright owner or the exclusive licensee has refused the user’s request for assistance or failed to respond to it within a reasonable time.

“226E User’s options if prevented from exercising permitted act by TPM

• “(1) Nothing in this Act prevents any person from using a TPM circumvention device to exercise a permitted act under Part 3 or to undertake encryption research.

  “(2) The user of a TPM work who wishes to exercise a permitted act under Part 3 but cannot practically do so because of a TPM may do either or both of the following:

  • “(a) apply to the copyright owner or the exclusive licensee for assistance enabling the user to exercise the permitted act:

  • “(b) engage a qualified person (see section 226D(3)) to exercise the permitted act on the user’s behalf using a TPM circumvention device.

  “(3) For the purposes of this section, a person (A) undertakes encryption research if A—

  • “(a) is either—

    • “(i) engaged in a course of study at an educational establishment in the field of encryption technology; or

    • “(ii) employed, trained, or experienced in the field of encryption technology; and

  • “(b) has either—

    • “(i) obtained permission from the copyright owner or exclusive licensee of the copyright to the use of a TPM circumvention device for the purpose of the research; or

    • “(ii) has taken, or will take, all reasonable steps to obtain that permission.

  “(4) A qualified person who exercises a permitted act on behalf of the user of a TPM work must not charge the user more than a sum consisting of the total of the cost of the provision of the service and a reasonable contribution to the qualified person’s general expenses.

“Copyright management information

“226F Meaning of copyright management information

• In sections 226G, 226H, and 226J CMI or copyright management information means information attached to, or embodied in, a copy of a work that—

  • “(a) identifies the work, and its author or copyright owner; or

  • “(b) identifies or indicates some or all of the terms and conditions for using the work, or indicates that the use of the work is subject to terms and conditions.

“226G Interference with CMI prohibited

• “(1) A person (A) must not remove or modify any copyright management information attached to, or embodied in, a copy of a work.

  “(2) However, subsection (1) does not apply if—

  • “(a) A has the authority of the copyright owner or the exclusive licensee to remove or modify the copyright management information; or

  • “(b) A does not know, and has no reason to believe, that the removal or modification will induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal an infringement of the copyright in the work.

“226H Commercial dealing in work subject to CMI interference

• “(1) A person (A) must not, in the course of business, make, import, sell, let for hire, offer or expose for sale or hire, or advertise for sale or hire, a copy of a work if any copyright management information attached to, or embodied in, the copy has been removed or modified without the authority of the copyright owner or the licensee.

  “(2) However, subsection (1) does not apply if—

  • “(a) A has the authority of the copyright owner or the exclusive licensee to remove or modify the copyright management information; or

  • “(b) A does not know, and has no reason to believe, that the removal or modification will induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal an infringement of the copyright in the work.

“226I Contravention of section 226G or section 226H

• A copyright owner or licensee of a work has the same rights in relation to a contravention of section 226G or section 226H as a copyright owner has in respect of an infringement of copyright.

“226J Offence of dealing in work subject to CMI interference

• “(1) A person (A) who contravenes section 226H commits an offence if—

  • “(a) A knows that the copyright management information has been removed or modified without the authority of the copyright owner or licensee; and

  • “(b) A knows that dealing in the work will induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal an infringement of the copyright in the work.

  “(2) A person who commits an offence under subsection (1) is liable on conviction on indictment to a fine not exceeding $150,000 or a term of imprisonment not exceeding 5 years or both.”

• “(d) apply in relation to communication works communicated from any Convention country as they apply in relation to communication works communicated from New Zealand,—”.

• “(d) it applies to communication works communicated from any Convention country as it applies to communication works communicated from New Zealand.”

• “(ea) prescribing the form of a notice of infringement for the purposes of section 92C(2)(ba)(i):”.